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Economic inactivity due to ill health is a persistent challenge facing many countries. However, there are substantial differences in the extent of the challenge, which segments of the working-age population fare better or worse, and in the mechanics and scope of government work and health policies. This report – one of a series informing the Commission for Healthier Working Lives – investigates how the UK compares with 14 other European countries in the employment of workers with long-term ill health or disabilities. It also reviews relevant policy interventions and practices from around the world to draw potential lessons for the UK.